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Theological triage: DRAFT plan

Status: APPROVED by Cameron 2026-10-10 (with one change: F9 became “Christ’s saving death”, and the substitutionary framing moved to S20; weights stay 3/2/1). Site structure: structure.md.

Original status: DRAFT for Cameron’s review. No research has been done under this plan yet. Tier placements are proposals, and citations marked to verify have not yet been checked against the primary text.

Purpose

Sort Christian doctrines into three tiers so the site can answer three different questions:

  1. Most correct: which tradition stands closest to Scripture, with more weight on the doctrines that matter most.
  2. In the faith: how fully each tradition holds the doctrines essential to the gospel.
  3. Shaped by: how much of each tradition’s identity rests on its second- and third-order distinctives.

1. Criteria

Definitions (after Mohler, “A Call for Theological Triage and Christian Maturity”, 2005)

TierDefinitionTest
First-orderEssential to the gospel and to being a Christian. Denial means a different faith.Would denying it undo the gospel or the identity of God and Christ?
Second-orderDivides churches and communions, but not salvation. Believers on both sides can recognise each other as Christians, yet they cannot easily share one church, ministry or sacramental life.Does it decide who can be baptised, take communion, be ordained or govern, within one congregation?
Third-orderDisagreement is possible inside one church or confession.Do churches in good standing within the same confession hold both views?

Supporting tests

  • Scripture first. A doctrine is first-order only if Scripture ties it to salvation or to the identity of God and Christ (for example 1 Cor 15:1–4, Gal 1:6–9, 1 John 4:2–3, 2 John 7–9, Rom 10:9).
  • Creedal confession. The ecumenical creeds record what the early church confessed as the shared faith:
    • Apostles’ Creed (Roman baptismal creed; final form about 8th century)
    • Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (381)
    • Chalcedonian Definition (451). Not received by the Oriental Orthodox, so it is treated as a special case (see section 3).
    • Athanasian Creed (Quicunque vult, about 5th–6th century). It explicitly calls its Trinitarian and Christological content necessary for salvation.
  • Vincentian canon (Vincent of Lérins, Commonitorium 2.6, 434): “what has been believed everywhere, always, and by all” (quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus). This counts as evidence of universality, not as a ruling. A doctrine that passes it and is tied to salvation in Scripture is a strong first-order candidate.
  • Traditions’ own lines. Each tradition’s own statement of what is essential is recorded, as shown in the next table. Where it disagrees with the default tier, the method shows that disagreement (see section 3).

How each tradition names its essentials

TraditionSourceWhat it names
CatholicVatican II, Unitatis redintegratio §11 (“hierarchy of truths”); Lumen gentium §14–16; Catechism §90, §234Truths ranked by their link to the foundation of the faith. Rejecting any dogma knowingly is still grave. Necessity of the Church (LG 14).
OrthodoxSeven ecumenical councils; Confession of Dositheus (1672) to verify; oikonomia and akribeia practiceThe faith of the councils as a whole. Less use of a formal “essentials” list.
Oriental OrthodoxFirst three councils (Nicaea 325, Constantinople 381, Ephesus 431); Cyril’s formula mia physis tou Theou Logou sesarkōmenē; Anba Gregorios / PRO ORIENTE Christological statements (1971–) to verifyNicene faith plus Cyrillian Christology. Rejects Chalcedon’s wording, not its intent (per joint statements).
LutheranAugsburg Confession VII (“satis est”); Smalcald Articles II.1 (“first and chief article”)Church unity needs agreement on the gospel and sacraments. Justification is the article on which the church stands or falls.
AnglicanThirty-Nine Articles VI, VIII, XIX; Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral (1886/1888)Scripture “containeth all things necessary to salvation”. The three creeds. Two sacraments. Historic episcopate (for reunion).
PresbyterianWestminster Confession I.6–7, XX.2, XXV.2The things “necessary to be known, believed, and observed for salvation” are clear in Scripture. Liberty of conscience on other matters.
Reformed Baptist1689 London Baptist Confession I.1, I.7, XXI.2, XXVI.2Same structure as Westminster, with liberty of conscience. Church is made up of visible saints.
General BaptistStandard Confession (1660); Orthodox Creed (1679) art. XXXVIII (affirms Apostles’, Nicene and Athanasian creeds) to verify article numberCreeds received as summaries of Scripture. General atonement.
AnabaptistSchleitheim (1527) articles 1–7; Dordrecht (1632)Mostly lists the distinctives (baptism, the ban, separation, the sword, oath). Affirms the Apostles’ Creed (Dordrecht art. 1) to verify.

2. Doctrine list

Mapping key: existing categories are justification, baptism, salvation, eucharist, atonement, original-sin, relics, icons, afterlife, and trinity (in progress: Trinity/filioque). NEW marks a topic that would need a new study.

First-order (16)

#DoctrineOne lineMaps to
F1The TrinityOne God in three co-equal, co-eternal persons.trinity
F2Deity of ChristThe Son is true God, of one substance with the Father (Nicaea).NEW: Christology
F3True humanity of ChristThe Son truly took full human nature (against Docetism and Apollinarianism).NEW: Christology
F4One person, God and manUnited without confusion or division. Exact wording is disputed (see section 3, Chalcedon).NEW: Christology
F5Virgin birth / incarnationConceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.NEW: Christology
F6Deity and personhood of the Holy Spirit“The Lord, the giver of life” (381).trinity
F7Creation out of nothingGod alone is eternal. All else is created and good.NEW: Creation
F8Sin and the need for graceAll are sinners, cannot save themselves, and need grace (against Pelagius).original-sin, salvation
F9Christ’s saving deathChrist died for our sins (1 Cor 15:3) and his death saves. How it saves (substitution, satisfaction) is second-order (S20).atonement
F10Bodily resurrection of ChristChrist was truly raised in the body.NEW: Resurrection (partly afterlife)
F11Ascension and sessionChrist ascended and reigns.NEW: Christology
F12Salvation by grace through faith in Christ alone as SaviourSalvation is God’s gift in Christ, not earned. How faith and works relate is second-order (see section 3).justification, salvation
F13Bodily return of Christ and final judgementHe will come again to judge the living and the dead.afterlife
F14General resurrection and eternal lifeResurrection of the body. Life everlasting. Final separation (the eternal torment question is a sub-question).afterlife
F15Authority and truthfulness of ScriptureScripture is God’s inspired word. How it relates to tradition is second-order.NEW: Scripture and authority
F16One holy catholic and apostolic ChurchShared confession of the creeds. What the Church is is second-order.NEW: Church

Second-order (20)

#DoctrineOne lineMaps to
S1Nature of justificationForensic imputation versus infused or transformative righteousness. Faith alone?justification
S2Baptism: subjectsInfants or believers only.baptism
S3Baptism: effectRegeneration or sign and seal.baptism
S4Eucharist: presenceTransubstantiation, mystery, sacramental union, spiritual presence, memorial.eucharist
S5Eucharist: sacrificeIs the Mass or Liturgy a sacrifice?eucharist
S6Number and nature of sacramentsSeven, two, or ordinances.NEW: Sacraments
S7Scripture and traditionSola scriptura, or Scripture together with tradition and magisterium.NEW: Scripture and authority
S8Papal primacy and infallibilityPetrine office, Vatican I.NEW: Church authority
S9Church governmentEpiscopal, presbyterian, congregational. Apostolic succession.NEW: Church authority
S10Ordination of women to the presbyterateClassic positions only (all nine historically male). Low priority.NEW: Ministry
S11Predestination and electionUnconditional or conditional.salvation
S12Extent of the atonementParticular or general.atonement
S13Perseverance of the saintsCan a true believer fall away finally?salvation
S14Original sin: guilt or corruptionInherited guilt versus inherited mortality and corruption.original-sin
S15FilioqueProcession of the Spirit.trinity
S16Chalcedonian versus miaphysite wording“In two natures” or “one incarnate nature”. Possibly verbal (see section 3).NEW: Christology
S17Purgatory and prayers for the deadPurification after death.afterlife
S18Invocation of saints and Marian dogmasAsking saints to pray for us. Immaculate Conception, Assumption.NEW: Mary and saints
S19Veneration of icons and relicsHonouring or rejecting images and relics.icons, relics
S20Penal substitution and satisfactionChrist bore the penalty or satisfied divine justice in our place. Moved from F9 at Cameron’s review (2026-10-10).atonement

Third-order (18)

#DoctrineOne lineMaps to
T1MillenniumAmillennial, premillennial, postmillennial.NEW: Eschatology
T2Timing of end-times eventsTribulation and rapture questions, preterism.NEW: Eschatology
T3Age of the earth / days of creationLiteral days versus other readings.NEW: Creation
T4Mode of baptismImmersion, pouring, sprinkling (second-order for Baptists: see section 3).baptism
T5Frequency of communionWeekly, monthly, quarterly.eucharist
T6Atonement models beyond the coreRansom, Christus Victor, recapitulation, satisfaction, emphasis.atonement
T7Order of decreesSupra- or infralapsarianism.salvation
T8Origin of the soulTraducianism or creationism.original-sin
T9Intermediate state detailsNature of the soul’s state before the resurrection.afterlife
T10Annihilationism versus eternal conscious tormentDuration and nature of final punishment (some treat it as second-order).afterlife
T11Universal restoration as a hopeGregory of Nyssa’s position (as hope, not dogma).afterlife
T12Spiritual gifts: cessation or continuationTongues, prophecy today.NEW: Spirit and gifts
T13Sabbath / Lord’s Day observanceStrict sabbatarian or not.NEW: Worship
T14Regulative versus normative principle of worshipExclusive psalmody, instruments.NEW: Worship
T15Liturgical calendarObserving feasts and seasons.NEW: Worship
T16Clerical celibacyDiscipline, not dogma, even in Rome.NEW: Ministry
T17Fasting rulesPractice and discipline.NEW: Worship
T18Theosis vocabularyLanguage of deification versus union with Christ (content overlaps S1).salvation

3. The traditions disagree on what counts as first-order

The tiers above are a default based on Mohler, the creeds and the Vincentian canon. They are not neutral, and several traditions would draw the lines differently:

  • Catholic: visible communion with the bishop of Rome, the Eucharist as “source and summit” (LG 11), and knowingly rejecting defined dogma count as far more central than “second-order” suggests. Marian dogmas are defined dogma.
  • Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox: the Church, its sacraments and the councils it receives are not easily separated from “the faith”. Each also considers the other’s Christology (S16) more serious than third-order, though modern joint statements call it largely verbal.
  • Lutheran: justification is the “chief article” (Smalcald II.1), so on its own terms S1 is first-order. The real presence (S4) is also treated as a matter of confession, not opinion.
  • Reformed and Presbyterian: many classic Reformed writers treat sola fide (S1) as first-order (as do some evangelicals following Galatians 1).
  • Baptists: believer’s baptism (S2, T4) is close to constitutive of the church, so it is at least strongly second-order.
  • Anabaptist: separation, nonresistance and the ban (Schleitheim) are central to identity, which a doctrine-only list tends to underrate.

How the method shows it:

  1. Default tiers plus each tradition’s own tiers. Every doctrine records its default tier and the tier each of the nine traditions assigns it, with citations. Disagreements are shown with a marker on the doctrine page.
  2. Sensitivity view. Every score is computed twice: under the default tiers and under each tradition’s self-assigned tiers. If a ranking flips, the site says so in plain language.
  3. Contested-first-order list. Doctrines that at least one tradition calls essential but the default calls second-order (S1, S4, S8, S16, S2) get their own section, with a short neutral case for each side.
  4. No silent choices. Tier changes go into docs/proximity-changes.md-style change logs (docs/triage-changes.md).

4. Proposed scoring method

All scores are percentages measured against Scripture, using the existing 0–4 verdict scale (docs/scoring.md). The fathers remain a separate, contextual panel with the same tier weighting, as now.

4a. Most correct

Scripture closeness, weighted by tier:

most_correct(t) = Σ w(tier_q) · score(t, q) / Σ w(tier_q) · 4      over scored questions q
default weights: first = 3, second = 2, third = 1
  • The weights are a proposal for Cameron to set. The site will show them openly and may let readers adjust them (like the existing slider).
  • Unscored questions are left out, never guessed. The site shows how many questions each score rests on.

4b. In the faith

Adherence to first-order doctrines only:

in_the_faith(t) = Σ score(t, q) / (4 · n)     over first-order questions q
  • Shown as a threshold-style band: “holds all first-order doctrines”, “holds with qualifications”, or “denies one or more”. It is not a precise percentage, because the point is recognition, not rank.
  • Expected result: all nine score at or near full. That is itself a finding worth stating plainly (“these traditions share the gospel core”).
  • A sensitivity note shows the result under each tradition’s own first-order list, for example how Catholicism scores Protestant traditions if papal communion counts.

4c. Shaped by

How much a tradition’s identity rests on its distinctives. This describes the tradition and does not grade it:

distinctiveness(t, q) = 1 if t's position on q differs from the majority of the nine (or is confessionally emphasised), else 0
emphasis(t, q)        = 0–2 from the tradition's own confessions (how much space and stress the doctrine gets)
shaped_by(t, tier)    = Σ emphasis · distinctiveness over that tier / total emphasis
  • Shown as a stacked bar per tradition (first / second / third-order share of its confessional identity), plus its top three distinctives.
  • Example of what this would show: Baptists shaped heavily by S2; Catholics by S8 and S18; Anabaptists by ethics and separation; Lutherans by S1 and S4.
  • The emphasis scores are judgement calls, so each one cites the confession article it rests on.

5. Research order

  1. Tier sign-off: Cameron reviews this draft (tiers, weights, contested list).
  2. Verify citations marked to verify above, and record each tradition’s self-assigned tier for all doctrines.
  3. Re-tag existing questions: assign a tier to each of the existing 37+ questions (and the Trinity study). No new research is needed, and early weighted scores are possible.
  4. Fill first-order gaps: Christology (F2–F5, F11, plus S16), then Scripture and authority (F15, S7), Creation (F7), Resurrection (F10), Church (F16). This makes “in the faith” complete.
  5. Second-order new topics: Church authority (S8, S9), Sacraments (S6), Mary and saints (S18), then Ministry (S10).
  6. Third-order new topics: Eschatology (T1, T2), Worship (T13–T15, T17), Spirit and gifts (T12), the rest.
  7. Publish scores: most-correct, in-the-faith and shaped-by views, plus the sensitivity view, on the home page.

This order replaces the earlier topic queue only after Cameron approves. Until then, the queued topics (Trinity, Christ, Mary, saints, church authority) continue as planned, and they line up with steps 4–5 anyway.