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Communion in both kinds; reservation and adoration

In short
  • T25.1 Both kinds to each communicant from Era II (Justin) (high)
  • T25.2 Reservation for the absent and at home (Justin, Tertullian); worship in receiving (Augustine); processions are later (medium)

Two separate measures, shown side by side; neither is combined with the other (confidence-weighted, out of 4; counts show how many of this doctrine's 2 questions each rests on; ⚠ marks coverage more than 10 points below the median, a less certain rank). This doctrine is third-order (tier weight 1). How scoring works · Scripture and tradition · Glossary · Every score with its citation

Closeness to Scripture

1 Oriental Orthodox⚠ 1/2 cells · low coverage 100% 1/2 q
2 Anabaptist⚠ 1/2 cells · low coverage 100% 1/2 q
3 Lutheran2/2 cells 95% 2/2 q
4 Anglican2/2 cells 95% 2/2 q
5 Presbyterian2/2 cells 95% 2/2 q
6 Reformed Baptist2/2 cells 95% 2/2 q
7 General Baptist2/2 cells 95% 2/2 q
8 Orthodox⚠ 1/2 cells · low coverage 50% 1/2 q
9 Catholic2/2 cells 30% 2/2 q

Closeness to the fathers

1 Catholic2/2 cells 75% 1/2 q
2 Orthodox⚠ 1/2 cells · low coverage 75% 1/2 q
3 Lutheran2/2 cells 50% 1/2 q
4 Anglican2/2 cells 50% 1/2 q
5 General Baptist2/2 cells 50% 1/2 q
6 Presbyterian2/2 cells 25% 1/2 q
7 Reformed Baptist2/2 cells 25% 1/2 q
– Oriental Orthodox⚠ 1/2 cells · low coverage not assessed 0/2 q
– Anabaptist⚠ 1/2 cells · low coverage not assessed 0/2 q
Charts: closeness to the fathers by question, and timeline
Closeness to the fathers, by question (0–4). Hatched = not assessed in the category file. Click a question for its verdict.
01234Catholic · T25.1: 2/4 — Trent XXI canon 1: denies that 'by the precept of God, or, by necessity of salvation, all and each of the faithful ... ought to receive both species' (verified)2Orthodox · T25.1: not assessedOriental Orthodox · T25.1: 4/4 — Coptic Church, 'The Eucharist' (copticchurch.net): 'the believer eats the Holy Body and Precious Blood of Jesus Christ, presented by the Bread and Wine' (verified)4Lutheran · T25.1: 4/4 — AC XXII: 'To the laity are given Both Kinds in the Sacrament ... because this usage has the commandment of the Lord in Matt. 26:27' (verified)4Anglican · T25.1: 4/4 — Art. XXX: 'The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the Lay-people' (verified)4Presbyterian · T25.1: 4/4 — WCF XXIX.4: 'the denial of the cup to the people' is 'contrary to the nature of this sacrament' (verified)4Reformed Baptist · T25.1: 4/4 — 1689 30.4: 'The denial of the cup to the people ... contrary to the nature of this ordinance' (verified)4General Baptist · T25.1: 4/4 — Orthodox Creed (1679) art. XXXIII rejects 'their denying of the Cup to the Laity' (verified, reformedontheweb.com transcription)4Anabaptist · T25.1: 4/4 — Schleitheim 2: 'that we may break and eat one bread ... and may drink of one cup' (verified); Dordrecht X: the Supper 'in bread and wine' (verified)4T25.1conf. highCatholic · T25.2: 3/4 — Trent XIII ch. 6: reserving the Eucharist 'is so ancient, that even the age of the Council of Nicaea recognised that usage'; canon 6: Christ in it is 'to be adored with the worship, even external of latria' and 'borne about in processions' (verified)3Orthodox · T25.2: 3/4 — Dositheus, decree 17: the Body and Blood 'ought to be honored in the highest manner, and adored with latria' (verified)3Oriental Orthodox · T25.2: not assessedLutheran · T25.2: 2/4 — FC Epitome VII rejects teaching 'That the external visible elements of the bread and wine should be adored' (verified); no reservation outside the use2Anglican · T25.2: 2/4 — Art. XXVIII: 'The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshipped' (verified)2Presbyterian · T25.2: 1/4 — WCF XXIX.4: 'worshiping the elements ... carrying them about, for adoration, and the reserving them for any pretended religious use' are 'contrary ... to the institution of Christ' (verified)1Reformed Baptist · T25.2: 1/4 — 1689 30.4: 'worshipping the elements ... and reserving them for any pretended religious use' (verified)1General Baptist · T25.2: 2/4 — Orthodox Creed (1679) art. XXXIII rejects 'Adoration of the unbloody Sacrifice of the Mass' (verified, reformedontheweb.com transcription)2Anabaptist · T25.2: not assessedT25.2conf. medium
CatholicOrthodoxOriental OrthodoxLutheranAnglicanPresbyterianReformed BaptistGeneral BaptistAnabaptistnot assessed
When the cited witnesses spoke (approximate dates) and where later traditions fixed their positions. Filled dot = consensus question; hollow orange = a question on which the fathers varied. Each item links to its source note or post-750 note.
1002003004005006007001000125015001700post-750 (compressed)Tertullian (c. 205) · T25.2Tertullianc. 205 · T25.2Augustine (c. 415) · T25.2Augustinec. 415 · T25.2Trent XIII (1551) · CatholicTrent XIII1551 · CatholicWestminster Confession (1646) · PresbyterianWestminster Confession1646 · PresbyterianConfession of Dositheus (1672) · OrthodoxConfession of Dositheus1672 · Orthodox
  1. c. 205 Tertullian T25.2
  2. c. 415 Augustine T25.2
  3. 1551 Trent XIII Catholic
  4. 1646 Westminster Confession Presbyterian
  5. 1672 Confession of Dositheus Orthodox

T25 · Communion in both kinds; reservation and adoration

The cup for the laity; reserving and adoring the consecrated elements.

Tier: Third-order (scoring weight 1). How the tiers were set: theological triage. Method: conventions. Traditions’ sources: confessional sources.

In short

Should everyone drink from the cup, and may the bread be kept and worshipped? Jesus said ‘Drink of it, all of you’, and in Justin’s time every communicant received bread and wine, with portions carried to the absent. Trent denied that both kinds are required for everyone. Augustine said no one eats Christ’s flesh without first worshipping, but processions with the sacrament came much later; Reformed confessions reject both reservation and adoration.

Plan

Questions: T25.1 should the laity receive the cup?; T25.2 should the consecrated elements be reserved and adored? Links: S4 Eucharist, T5 frequency. Scripture: Matt 26:26–28; 1 Cor 10:16; 11:23–29. Fathers: Justin, First Apology 65; Tertullian, To His Wife II.5; Augustine, Expositions on the Psalms 99 (Ps 98 in the Greek and Latin numbering).

Questions

  • T25.1 Communion in both kinds: should the laity receive the cup?
  • T25.2 Reservation and adoration of the consecrated elements?

Verdicts and trace

Weighed under the source-proximity principle: Scripture first, then the father eras I–IV.

T25.1 · Communion in both kinds: should the laity receive the cup?

QuestionVerdictConfidenceReasoningKey sourcesScripture (benchmark)
T25.1Both kinds to each communicant from Era II (Justin)HighT25.1.1 · T25.1.3 weighingjustin-t25-s1T25.1.4: high

T25.2 · Reservation and adoration of the consecrated elements?

QuestionVerdictConfidenceReasoningKey sourcesScripture (benchmark)
T25.2Reservation for the absent and at home (Justin, Tertullian); worship in receiving (Augustine); processions are laterMediumT25.2.1 · T25.2.3 weighingjustin-t25-s1 · tertullian-t25-s1 · augustine-t25-s1T25.2.4: low

Post-750 development

Which of this doctrine’s questions each tradition stays closest to, or departs from. Each row links to the tradition’s notes; exact scores and bases are in the reasoning.

TraditionClosest to the fathers onDeparts or sharpens on
CatholicT25.1, partly T25.2partly T25.1
Orthodoxpartly T25.2—
Oriental OrthodoxT25.1—
LutheranT25.1, T25.2partly T25.2
AnglicanT25.1, T25.2partly T25.2
PresbyterianT25.1T25.2
Reformed BaptistT25.1T25.2
General BaptistT25.1, T25.2partly T25.2
AnabaptistT25.1—

Overall verdict

T25.1: both kinds for all communicants is the biblical and Era II norm; Trent’s denial of a divine precept lacks early support. T25.2: reservation for the absent is Era II and worship in receiving is Era III; processions are later, and confessions that forbid all reservation depart from Era II.

Verification status

Trent XIII and XXI, Dositheus 17, AC XXII, FC Ep. VII, Arts. XXVIII and XXX, WCF XXIX.4, 1689 30.4, Orthodox Creed XXXIII and Schleitheim are verified. The Orthodox T25.1 cell (practice not sourced) and the Oriental Orthodox T25.2 cell are not assessed.